Industrial controls and variable-bias circuits sometimes require the services of voltage-to-resistance converters. But they can be difficult to implement. The simple approach shown in the figure ...

The first thing I ever built without a kit was a 5 V regulated power supply using the old LM309K. That’s a classic linear regulator like a 7805. While they are simple, they waste a lot of energy as ...

In the last installment of Circuit VR, we walked around a simplified buck converter. The main simplification was using a constant PWM signal. The result is that the output voltage is a fixed fraction ...

Generating a high output voltage from a low input voltage is the principle behind small-size voltage supply devices powering gadgets, even high power consuming machines. This is an important design ...

In a typical Buck (step-down) switching regulator IC, the external resistors are set to obtain a desired output voltage. This Application Note offers reference table to easily set resistor values for ...

Stepdown (buck) switching converters are integral to modern electronics. They can convert a voltage source (typically 8 V to 25 V) into a lower regulated voltage (typically 0.5 V to 5 V). Stepdown ...

Troubleshooting refrigeration equipment often requires measuring various electrical properties such as voltages, current flows, and resistances. Understanding these basic electrical fundamentals and ...

Editor’s Note: The author describes the design of a low power, high speed differential to single-ended converter circuit that uses a novel feedback technique to achieve high bandwidth without ...

I see techs in the field get the most frustrated when they have a low-voltage short they can’t seem to locate. The challenge techs face with low voltage diagnosis is a combination of poor process and ...